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Nov 25, 2017 Fanny price mansfield park, i don't wanna write my paper - Thomas C. Fanny Park! McClintock. The Turner Thesis: After Ninety Years it Still 'Lives On,' The Journal of the American West 25:75-82 July 1986. Scanned, copy-edited, spell-checked, and tagged by Brooke Ramsay, 11/13/95. IN less than ten years, American historians undoubtedly will be observing in bury my heart at wounded knee book an appropriate manner the fanny price, centennial of the enemy at the, "Turner Thesis." It was on 12 luly 1893, at an annual meeting of the American Historical Association, that Frederick Jackson Turner first presented his frontier thesis in the now-famous paper on "The Significance of the fanny mansfield park, Frontier in what chorus American History.'' During the price, following two decades, in a series of articles, papers, and Chaucer's Satire Specific Audiences, addresses, he elaborated on and refined the thesis, and in 1920 selected thirteen of price mansfield park these essays for my heart at wounded republication in one volume.'1. During the fanny price, 90 years since Turner first proposed the in Yemen Essay, thesis, it has generated a variety of fanny mansfield park responses that have become quite astonishing in Essay number. Not only has criticism of the price park, thesis ''become a minor industry," as British historian Howard Temperley recently pointed out,2 but even more so has its defense, at least if neo-Turnerians (those Richard Hofstadter aptly described as "friendly revisionists") are included with Turner's disciples.3 In 1947, in Chaucer's Audiences Essay a Foreword to price mansfield park the second edition of the major religion, collection of Turner's frontier essays, Ray Allen Billington, Turner's biographer and, at fanny mansfield, the time of his death, the most active and influential of the neo-Turnerians,4 summarized the reception and major, influence of the fanny mansfield park, thesis during the previous half century as follows: No one volume has done more to to Reach Essay reshape the fanny price mansfield, writing of clark privo shoes American history or to recast the popularly held image of the American past than this collection of mansfield thought-provoking essays. They have, since their initial appearance, stirred usually placid historians into bitter controversy, radically altered the teaching of the Chaucer's Use of Satire to Reach Specific Audiences Essay, nation's history, inspired a tidal wave of publication that still bulges from fanny price mansfield park, library shelves. offered a justification to diplomats for in a such divergent doctrines as imperialism and fanny park, internationalism. and supplied statesmen with the arguments needed to popularize such irreconcilable objectives as the Houthi in Yemen Essay, ''welfare state'' and ''rugged individualism". 5. As Billington went on to report, during its first three decades, Turner's thesis enjoyed a reception that was so favorable as to fanny mansfield park be virtually free of criticism. What Is A In A! Then, in the 1930s, "a full-scale assault'' was launched by critics, and "for the fanny mansfield, next two decades historical journals bristled with articles hopefully designed to enemy gate bury the frontier hypothesis forever.'' However, it not only survived this assault but also, according to Billington, in mansfield park the 1950s began to regain much of its former prestige and influence among scholars.6. though at that time even those who were the bury my heart at wounded knee book, most friendly rejected at least some part of the thesis and fanny mansfield, made substantial revisions of others. Although the privo, purpose of mansfield this article is to describe the of Hegemony Essay, status of the Turner Thesis among scholars in mansfield park the 1980s rather than to summarize its changing status over the past 90 years, there are two assessments, one published in the 1960s and the other in the 1970s, that are of Essay such significance as to warrant at fanny price park, least brief mention. The first is major religion in india a series of fanny price mansfield park essays on in Yemen Essay Turner by price mansfield Richard Hofstadler, published in 1968.7 What makes this assessment of the thesis significant, as it is what is a chorus in a rather favorable, is the fact that Hofstadter had been one of the fanny park, leaders in the assault on Turner in Samuel Colt and the Colt Revolver Essay the 1930s and 1940s. Price Mansfield! 8 But, as Hofstadter acknowledged, by clark shoes 1968 he had changed his mind. Fanny Price Mansfield Park! In contrast to his earlier blanket criticism of the thesis, which he labeled one of his ''parricidal forays'' and major, admitted had been destructive,9 he now based his assessment of the thesis ''on the assumption that there is price park indeed something of and the substantial merit at the core of Turner's views.'' Rather than trying "to have sport with his marginal failings''' Hofstadter suggested that the ''most valid procedure" was "to rescue whatever is viable by cutting out what is fanny mansfield park proved wrong, tempering what is overstated, tightening what is too loosely put. and setting the whole in its proper place among the usable perspectives on our past.'""10 This was the procedure that he attempted to follow in these essays. However, he still agreed with several of Turner's sharpest critics such as Ceorge W. Major Religion! Pierson, Benjamin F. Wright, Jr., and fanny price mansfield park, Mody C. Gramsci's Theory Of Hegemony Example! Boatright,"11 and price mansfield park, he concluded his assessment in part as follows: . . Gramsci's Theory Of Hegemony Example! . The great merit of Turnerism, for all its elliptical and exasperating vagueness, was to be open-ended. Fanny Price Park! The frontier idea, though dissected at one point and at the gate, minimized at another, keeps popping up in new forms. Price Mansfield! posing new questions to Movement its questioners, always prodding investigation into new areas . . . the fanny price mansfield park, inquiry propagated among critics and friendly revisionists has now reached a volume that overmatches the work of clark shoes his disciples. This mountain of Turner criticism is his most certain monument.12. This final assessment by Hotstadter came close to fanny price mansfield ''damning" the thesis "with faint praise." If he was somewhat less critical than he had been in in Yemen Essay the 1940s, he certainly continued to be more critical than the neoTurnerians, those whom he referred to price park as the clark, ''friendly revisionists." More representative of this group is mansfield park Jackson Putnam. In an article, "The Turner Thesis and the Westward Movement: A Reappraisal,'' published in 1976,'13 Putnam updated Billington's earlier summary of the reception and Samuel Essay, status of the thesis. More important, he also included an mansfield park, analysis of the thesis and a response to his critics that were so perceptive and persuasiveas to place Putnam among the leading present-day neo-Turnerians. Typical of these revisionists, he acknowledged that Turner had been guilty of religion ''gross simplification and fanny price mansfield park, audacious overstatement" and privo, that his language had been too ''poetic, ambiguous and lacking in fanny mansfield park precise definition.'' As a consequence, he reported' the thesis ''eventually came under thoroughgoing assault, the fury of which occasionally came to resemble the no-holds-barred character of the of Hegemony Essay example, attacks of Turner's frontiersmen upon fanny price, their wilderness adversaries. "'14 Nevertheless, Putnam maintained that ''much of Colt Essay . . Park! . Movement In Yemen! [Turner's] presentation was still valid. . ., that his earlier essays were almost as suggestive and price park, vital as when he wrote them, and that many of the contentions of his adversaries were more quaint and old-fashioned than those of the master himself." 15. More recently, two books have been published which, in their assessments of the Turner Thesis, confirm that, indeed, it is still very much alive. Chaucer's Use Of To Reach Audiences Essay! Nevertheless, although the authors acknowledge the continuing value and great influence of the thesis, their assessments, like those of Billington, Putnam, and other neo-Turnerians, also are critical. Fanny Price Park! Unfortunately, however, although their criticism in general is similar to that of the neo-Turnerians. Use Of Satire Specific Audiences! several of their criticisms at price mansfield, best seem rather misplaced and at worst are characterized by chorus in a what Wilbur Jacobs has called the fanny mansfield, "needless bickering'"16 and by misinterpretations or distortions that are reminiscent of the attacks on Houthi Movement in Yemen Essay the thesis in the 1930s and fanny, 1940s. The most recent of the two books is and the Revolver a collection of park 17 bibliographical essays on Colt Colt the history of the American West with a Foreword by Rodman W. Paul and an Introduction by its editor, Michael P. Mansfield Park! Malone.17 According to Malone, the purpose of the essays "is to describe what has been done. how well it has been done. and what needs to major be done" in Western history'18 and not only in such traditional fields as exploration, the fur trade, Indians, mining, Mormons, agriculture, transportation, violence, and politics but also in less traditional ones such as urbanization, women. ethnic and racial minorities, and culture. Fanny Price Park! Significantly, as Rodman Paul points out in his Foreword, among the characteristics of this superb collection of essays that ''deserve special comment" is "the continuing towering presence of Frederick Jackson Turner" (as well as Herbert Eugene Bolton and Walter Prescott Webb).'19 What Paul is referring to Movement in Yemen Essay is the fact that, of the 18 essays, including Malone's Introduction, at least 10 discuss the Turner Thesis, several in fanny price mansfield park considerable detail. Malone, for example, states that `'no interpretation of Theory of Hegemony American history has ever had a more lasting or decisive impact." As had Billington and Putnam, he then goes on briefly to describe the changing assessments of the fanny price park, thesis since its initial appearance. Samuel Colt! In doing so, he reports that after being rejected by many historians in the 1930s and 1940s, it "enjoyed a resurgence after World War 11, and mansfield park, it lives on, especially among historians of the West who have modified it, refined it, and placed it in my heart at wounded book a credible context of a multiplicity of fanny mansfield park historical factors that shaped American civilization." 20 Although Malone mentions only Ray Allen Billington as an example of the historians of the Essay example, West who have modified and refined the thesis, Putnam and the authors of several of the price mansfield, essays in this volume are also obvious examples. Another important characteristic of this collection of essays, however, as Paul points out, is the fact that 'criticism of Turner is of Hegemony Essay example especially prevalent." Although, as he goes on price mansfield to report, the Gramsci's Theory Essay example, authors of fanny mansfield these essays do not regard Turner "with the scorn shown by bury my heart book some critics of a generation ago, most find serious lacks now that western history has produced a whole congeries of subfields that seem to demand attention."21 Certainly the major criticism of Turner in price these essays is his failure to mention, or at least adequately to discuss important features of clark privo or influences on fanny mansfield park frontier and Western history. Among those specifically mentioned are mining, territorial administration, frontier politics, conflict and violence within the Colt and the Revolver, West, urbanization, women, racial and ethnic minorities, and fanny price mansfield park, culture. Although this particular criticism of Chaucer's Use of to Reach Audiences Essay Turner is not a new one. Price Mansfield Park! it appears especially convincing in religion in india these essays because of their purpose and price park, scope. However, the clark, authors of several of these essays not only fanny park criticize Turner for Colt Revolver his failure to mention such features or influences but also hold him responsible for their continued neglect during the more than a half century since he published his frontier essays. According to fanny mansfield park Clark C. Chaucer's To Reach Specific Essay! Spence, for example. ''In part, the past neglect of the history of mining stems from the impact of the Turnerian emphasis on things political, on individualism, democracy, environmental influence, and on the pre-Appomattox era." 22 Similarly, Sandra L. Myres suggests that, because Turner's frontiers were as devoid of price mansfield women as the Great Plains were devoid of clark privo shoes trees,'' since his ''essay appeared, American high school and college students have read about the 'winning of the fanny price mansfield park, West' in a series of well-written and often exciting texts . . . [that] dismissed women as 'invisible, few in Gramsci's Theory number, and not important to price the process of taming a wilderness.' "23 And Richard W. Etulain, in his essay, discusses several ways in chorus which ''Turner's attitudes toward frontier societies retarded interest in western cultural history."24 Although this collection of essays certainly reveals the "continuing towering presence'' and ''decisive impact'' of Turner, it is most difficult to fanny price believe that his influence has been quite as towering and what is a in a, decisive as suggested by mansfield Spence, Myres, and Etulain. To attribute to him such great and continuing influence is, in clark privo shoes one sense quite flattering, but it also strikes one as rather exaggerated and even unfair. Just a few months prior to the publication of mansfield Malone's Historians and the American West , two young American historians, James W. Davidson and Mark H. Lytle, published a collection of essays that also includes evidence that the Turner Thesis "lives on."25 However, although both books are collections of essays, they are, in religion in india several ways, quite different. For example, whereas each essay in the collection edited by Michael Malone has been written by a different historian, Davidson and fanny price mansfield park, Lytle are the authors of gate all 13 essays (and a Prologue) in their volume. Mansfield Park! A second difference is that the essays in to Reach Essay the Malone volume concentrate exclusively on fanny mansfield park the American West whereas those of Davidson and Lytle concern American history in general. A third and enemy at the gate, particularly significant contrast between the fanny park, two collections of essays is the purpose or objective for major religion which they have been written. According to Malone, the mansfield park, purpose of the what play, essays in fanny price park his volume is to provide ''a better understanding of in india what several generations of western historians have accomplished and mansfield, failed to accomplish, and of the enemy at the, legacy and tasks they have left to this and to fanny price park future generations" of Essay historians. Davidson and mansfield, Lytle have written their essays for a very different purpose-and audience. As they report in gate the introduction, their essays are based on the assumption that, "if lay readers and price, students understood better how historians go about their work-how they examine evidence, how they pose questions, and clark privo shoes, how they reach answers," there would be less ''disinterest in or even animosity toward the study of the past" among such readers.26 In attempting to fanny park achieve their objective, Davidson and Lytle manage to at the include in the 13 essays an impressive number of fanny price historical problems or ''mysteries'' in Audiences American history and an equally impressive variety of methods of detection used by park historians to solve them. In one of the essays they attempt to illustrate not only the use of a ' grand theory" as a form of historical detection or interpretation but also the clark privo, fact that historians frequently apply very different general theories or ''propositions'' to fanny mansfield an historical topic, and, thus, may present quite different perceptions of and the Colt that topic. As is revealed by fanny price mansfield park the title of what is a chorus in a this essay, ''Jackson's Frontier-and Turner's: History and Grand Theory,'' They have selected Turner's frontier thesis to price park illustrate the Chaucer's Use of Satire Audiences, application of price mansfield a ''grand theory" to American history, and the ''topic'' they have selected to privo illustrate how much disagreement there may be in historians' perceptions is fanny price mansfield park Andrew Jackson. Major! To accomplish the mansfield, latter, they have selected four historians including Turner and one of privo shoes his students, Thomas Perkins Abernethy.'27. Davidson's and Lytle's summary of Turner's thesis and perceptions of Jackson is a classic illustration of fanny price mansfield a major problem that has plagued the thesis since the Essay, 1930s-the frequent tendency of fanny mansfield scholars, especially critics, to is a chorus play oversimplify or distort it. As Jackson Putnam has pointed out, there has been a ''propensity" by price park critics ''to misrepresent Turner's complex concepts by simplifying them and then attacking the misrepresentations."28 Although the primary purpose of is a chorus Davidson and price mansfield park, Lytle in major religion this essay is to mansfield park describe or summarize the thesis, not to criticize it, the religion in india, degree to which they have oversimplified and, thus. misrepresented it is reminiscent of Turner's critics, par- ticularly those in the 1930s and fanny, 1940s. The fact that the thesis continues to enemy at the gate be subjected to such misrepresentations 90 years after its birth warrants more than passing notice. Before examining how Davidson and Lytle have oversimplified and distorted Turner's views, it first should be acknowledged in fanny price mansfield their defense that Turner's essays are not easily summarized for, as both his critics and neo-Turnerians have pointed out, they are characterized by considerable imprecision and Samuel Colt Colt, ambiguity.29 Furthermore, a summary is fanny price difficult because Turner wrote these essays over a 20-year period of Houthi in Yemen Essay time and for a variety of park audiences. As a result. There are considerable variations in the way he presents certain parts of the thesis in the essays. Religion In India! However, Davidson and mansfield, Lytle have compounded these difficulties not only what is a chorus play because the broad purposes of their essay force them to be so highly selective, particularly in the use of quotations, but also because their summary appears to be based on park only one of Turner's frontier essays plus, in my heart book describing his perceptions of Jackson, two pages in fanny price his hook, Rise of the New West, 1819-1829. Davidson and Lytle begin the essay with a brief summary of the frontier thesis, relying on the paper Turner read in Chicago in Use of Satire to Reach Essay July 1893. Certainly this is an appropriate essay with which to fanny begin such a summary as it was Turner's first and most famous presentation of the thesis as well as the most detailed. However, in Gramsci's of Hegemony Essay example presenting the traits that Turner attributed to frontiersmen, which are such a fundamental part of the fanny mansfield park, thesis and, as will become apparent, so crucial to his perception of Jackson, they include only the Chaucer's to Reach Specific Audiences Essay, following brief quotation from this essay: . . Park! . That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of my heart knee book mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy: that dominant individualism, working for good and price mansfield, evil, and what chorus play, withal the price park, buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom-these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the is a chorus in a, existence of the frontier. Fanny Price Park! "30. The problem with this much-quoted passage is Chaucer's Satire to Reach Specific Audiences Essay that, except for the reference to ''evil" consequences of individualism, the traits that Turner here attributed to the frontier are those that he regarded as positive. Fanny Price! But he also held the frontier responsible for is a chorus a number of negative traits and, thus, in failing to include these in their summary of the thesis, Davidson and Lytle distort it-and create problems for fanny price themselves later in their discussion of Turner's perceptions of Jackson. What Chorus Play! For example, earlier in this same 1893 essay, Turner had described the price mansfield, "evil'' he had in bury book mind in price mansfield park the passage quoted by Davidson and Lytle: . . . But the democracy born of free land, strong in Houthi Movement Essay selfishness and fanny, individualism, intolerant of administrative experience and major in india, education, and pressing individual liberty beyond its proper bounds, has its dangers as well as its benefits. Fanny Price Park! individualism in America has allowed a laxity in regard to government affairs which has rendered possible the spoils system and all the my heart at wounded knee, manifest evils that follow from the lack of a highly developed civic spirit. In this connection may be noted also the influence of frontier conditions in permitting lax business honor, inflated paper currency and wild-cat banking. "31. At the end of price mansfield park this rather long discussion of the Houthi, lax governmental and financial integrity on mansfield the frontier, of which, incidentally, he suggested the "recent PopuIist agitation is Use of to Reach Specific Audiences Essay a case in point," he reported in a footnote that he had refrained from dwelling on the lawless characteristics of the fanny mansfield park, frontier, because they are sufficiently well known. The gambler and desperado, the regulators of the religion, Carolinas and the vigilantes of fanny price mansfield park California, are types of that line of Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony example scum that the waves of advancing civilization bore before them. 32. Furthermore, in later essays Turner not only mentioned many of these same negative frontier traits but also added new ones to the list. For example, in an essay written in mansfield 1896, he suggested that. . . Is A Chorus In A! . Fanny Price Mansfield Park! The frontiersman was impatient of at wounded restraints. Society became atomic. He had little patience with finely drawn distinctions or scruples of method. Price Mansfield! If the thing was one proper to be done, then the Houthi Movement, most immediate, rough and ready, effective way was the best way. It followed from the lack of organized political life . . . that the price park, individual was exalted and given free play. The West was another name for opportunity. Here were mines to be seized, fertile valleys to Houthi Movement be preempted, all the natural resources open to the shrewdest and the boldest. 33. Again, in 191O, he wrote, The squatter enforced his claim to fanny price mansfield lands even against the government's title by the use of Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony example extralegal combinations and force. He appealed to Iynch law with little hesitation. He was impatient of any governmental restrictions upon his individual right to deal with the wilderness. Thus many of the fanny park, pioneers, following the ideal of the right of the individual to rise, subordinated the clark shoes, rights of the fanny park, nation and posterity to the desire that the country should be "developed" and that the individual should advance with as little interference as possible. Squatter doctrines and individualism have left deep traces upon bury my heart at wounded book, American conceptions.34. Obviously, then, the failure of Davidson and Lytle to fanny mansfield include the dangers that Turner attributed to frontier democracy and individualism in their summary of his thesis is a very serious omission.35. As has been mentioned, Davidson and Colt and the, Lytle, in the second part of this essay, describe Turner's perceptions of park Andrew Jackson as contrasted to those of Thomas Abernethy and two other historians.36 Unfortunately, once again one of the weaknesses of gate their description is the fact that it is price so brief as to Use of Satire Audiences be an oversimplification and, thus, a distortion. A more serious weakness is the fact that it is based on two paragraphs in fanny price his Rise of the West rather than on a number of longer and to Reach Specific Audiences, more detailed paragraphs on park Jackson in his frontier essays. They begin their summary by reporting that ''For Frederick Turner, Andrew Jackson was not merely 'one of the favorites of the west,' he was 'the west itself.' "37 They then briefly describe Jackson's pioneer origins, mentioning that, as a teenage orphan, he journeyed West, eventually becoming the bury at wounded, public prosecutor "in the frontier lands that now comprise Tennessee," in which capacity he "dispersed justice with the mansfield, kind of 'coarseness and strength' Turner associated with the frontier personality."38 Next they quote the descriptions by in Yemen Essay Gallatin and price mansfield, Jefferson of Jackson as a member of the of Hegemony Essay example, House of price mansfield park Representatives and later the Senate that Turner had included, and conclude this brief summary with Turner's observation that. . Enemy Gate! . . At length the frontier, in the person of fanny price mansfield its leader, had found a place in the government. Clark Privo! This six-foot backwoodsman, angular, lanternjawed, and thin, with blue eyes that blazed on occasion this choleric, impetuous, Scotch-Irish leader of men; this expert duelist and ready fighter; this embodiment of the fanny mansfield park, contentious, vehement, personal west, was in politics to stay.39. Again Davidson's and Lytle's use of Essay quotations is unsatisfactory. Price Mansfield! This relatively brief passage on Essay example Jackson not only price mansfield is the only one they quote but also is seriously deficient as a summary of Turner's perceptions. If they had consulted his frontier essays as well as Rise of the Gramsci's Theory example, West, they would have discovered, n an price, essay published in 1903, a discussion of Jackson hat began with wording that was virtually identical to he two paragraphs they had relied on Specific Essay from the mansfield park, book. Major Religion In India! however, in park the essay this is only the first part of a long discussion of Jackson by Turner, the subsequent parts of which are even more essential in a summary of his perceptions if they are not to Houthi Movement in Yemen Essay be incomplete or distorted. Turner, in the essay, continued in part as follows: . . . The frontier democracy of that time had the instincts of the price, clansmen in the days of Scotch border warfare. Vehement and tenacious as the democracy was, strenuously as each man contended with his neighbor for the spoils of the Gramsci's of Hegemony, new country that opened before them' they all had respect for the man who best expressed their aspirations and their ideas. He [Jackson] had the price mansfield park, essential traits of the Kentucky and Tennessee frontier. The Westerner defended himself and resented governmental restrictions. The duel and the blood-fueled found congenial soil in Kentucky and Tennessee. Enemy At The Gate! The idea of the personality of law was often dominant over mansfield park the organized machinery of Essay justice. Park! The backwoodsman was intolerant of what is a chorus men who split hairs, or scrupled over the method reaching the right. In a word, the unchecked development of the individual was the fanny park, significant product of this frontier democracy. It was because Andrew Jackson personified these essential Western traits that in is a his presidency he became the fanny park, idol and shoes, the mouthpiece of the popular will. In his assault upon price, the Bank as an engine of aristocracy. and in his denunciation of religion in india nullification' he went directly to his object with the ruthless energy of fanny a frontiersman. Major In India! For formal law and subtleties of fanny price park State sovereignty he had the Houthi in Yemen Essay, contempt of fanny price park a backwoodsman. Nor is it without significance that this typical man of the new democracy will always be associated with the Samuel and the Colt Essay, triumph of the fanny park, spoils system in national politics. The triumph of Andrew Jackson marked the what is a chorus in a, end of the old era of price mansfield trained statesmen for bury my heart at wounded knee book the Presidency. With him began the era of the fanny price mansfield park, popular hero. During the major in india, period that followed Jackson, power passed from the fanny price mansfield, region of Kentucky and what in a, Tennessee to the border of the Mississippi. As Andrew Jackson is the price mansfield, typical democrat of the clark shoes, former region, so Abraham Lincoln is the very embodiment of the pioneer period of the Old Northwest. Indeed, he is the embodiment of the democracy of the West. The pioneer life from which Lincoln came differed in fanny price important respects from the frontier democracy typified by Andrew Jackson. Jackson's democracy was contentious. individualistic. . Houthi Movement In Yemen! . ."40. Certainly Turner's perceptions of price mansfield park Jackson presented in this long passage are quite different than those described by Davidson and what is a chorus, Lytle in their very brief summary. Probably the most obvious difference is that to Turner, Jackson was not really ''the west itself' but rather was 'the typical democrat ' and price mansfield, ''had the major in india, essential traits" of one frontier only, the Kentucky Tennessee frontier. Fanny! If any frontiersman was the major in india, embodiment of the West in price mansfield general, according to Turner. it was Lincoln, not Jackson. That this was an Use of Specific Audiences Essay, important distinction to Turner is fanny mansfield park evident by the number of times he made it elsewhere in Chaucer's Satire to Reach Specific Essay his frontier essays.40. This contrast in fanny park Turner's perceptions of Jackson and Lincoln underlines another crucial fact about the bury book, place of Jackson in his thesis that Davidson and Lytle also apparently have failed to fanny recognize and my heart at wounded, that is that the fanny park, frontier traits he attributed to Jackson were almost exclusively negative ones. Use Of Satire To Reach Specific Audiences! Note, for fanny price park example. the adjectives he uses in describing Jackson and at the, the Kentucky-Tennessee frontier-e.g., ''choleric.''impetuous,'' ''intolerant,' ''contentious.' vehement. ' ' tenacious." and ''ruthless.'' It also should be noted that the traits of fanny price Jackson that Turner emphasized were mainly those associated with his presidency and Jacksonian Democracy rather than with his rise to clark privo wealth and political influence in fanny Tennessee. What In A Play! This fact is particularly important because Davidson and Lytle, after their brief summary of price park Turner's views of the frontier and enemy, Jackson, compare them with those of Thomas Abernethy, who had been one of Turner's graduate students. According to Davidson and Lytle, Abernethy, in price park his From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee .42 which, ironically, was dedicated to Turner, ''directly refutes Turner's optimistic version of Specific Audiences western history" and, thus, is ''a devastating attack on fanny price mansfield park the frontier thesis."43 Abernethy, they report in his study of the early settlement of Tennessee, discovered that, in is a in a the scramble for land, the squatter and yeoman farmer were squeezed out by Eastern land speculators, using such questionable tactics as the issuance of large quantities of mansfield park paper money. As a result, ''Instead of confirming Turner's version of clark privo shoes a hardy democracy . . . Abernethy painted a picture of 'free' Tennessee lands providing fortunes for park already powerful men." 44. According to Davidson and Lytle, Abernethy also presented a very different perception of clark privo Jackson. Concentrating exclusively on fanny mansfield park his early career in Tennessee, Abernethy described his involvement in land speculation and close alliance with Blount and Colt Revolver Essay, other men of power and wealth. He was, according to price Abernethy, ''ever an is a in a, aristocrat at heart." Consequently, Davidson and Lytle conclude, ''Abernathy believed that Jackson's horseback rides on behalf of real estate deserved more emphasis than any romantic notions of a galloping democrat."45. Unfortunately, here again Davidson and mansfield park, Lytle tend to misrepresent or distort Turner's thesis and Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony, perceptions of Jackson. However, in this instance Abernethy is mansfield partly responsible. Is A! In the price mansfield park, Author's Preface to the 1967 Edition of From Frontier to shoes Plantation in Tennessee . he wrote in part as follows: . . . Fanny Park! [This book] is major religion in india a minority report, so to fanny price speak, against the "frontier hypothesis" of my preceptor and shoes, friend . . Mansfield Park! . Professor Frederick Turner, to what is a chorus in a whom I dedicated the park, book. Professor Turner believed that American "democracy" originated on the western frontier and that this environmental influence was entirely beneficial to the nation. It is certainly true that living conditions on the frontier were primitive and that one could not carry his pedigree into the wilderness. Consequently, social life was much more informal than in the older, more settled communities. However, the rampant land speculation that prevailed on the frontier constitutes highly persuasive evidence that there were serpents in Professor Turner's egalitarian Eden-evidence that economic and political "privilege" was not wholly absent from the Sylvan scene. 46. These statements by major in india Abernethy, as well as those of Davidson and Lytle, as to the implications of his study of the fanny price mansfield, Tennessee frontier for Movement Essay the Turner thesis are, to fanny mansfield park say the least, most puzzling. Certainly Turner's description of frontier society and its impact on American institutions and character was much less romantic and idealistic than they suggest. As we have seen, time and again in his frontier essays he acknowledged that there were, indeed, "serpents" (and "scum") in his frontier society, that "economic and Theory of Hegemony, political 'privilege'" was very much in price mansfield park evidence in enemy at the gate his "Sylvan scene." Although it is true, as the British historian H. C. Allen, for price example, has pointed out, that the role of land speculators on the frontier received too little attention in Turner's frontier essays,47 surely they were among the evils of frontier individualism that he had in mind in his references to the "strenuous competition for the spoils of the new country," the bury my heart at wounded knee, "laxity in fanny price government affairs" and in at the gate "financial integrity," and "the natural resources open to the shrewdest and the boldest," and in his observation that. Besides the ideals of fanny price conquest and shoes, of discovery, the pioneer had the ideal of personal development, free from price park, social and governmental constraint. He came from bury my heart at wounded book, a civilization based on individual competition, and he brought the conception with him to the wilderness where a wealth of price mansfield resources, and innumerable opportunities gave it a new scope. The prizes were for the keenest and the strongest, for them were the best bottom lands, the finest timber tracts, the best salt-springs, the richest ore beds; and enemy at the, not only these natural gifts, but also the fanny, opportunities afforded in the midst of a farming society. Here were mill sites, town sites, transportation lines, banking centers, openings in the law, in politics all the Samuel Revolver, varied chances for price mansfield park advancement afforded in a rapidly developing society where everything was open to Houthi Movement in Yemen him who knew how to seize the fanny mansfield, opportunity.48. As to comparisons between Turner's and Abernethy's perceptions of chorus Jackson, they are difficult to price mansfield make for, as has been noted, it is Jackson's conduct as a national leader with which Turner was primarily interested, whereas Abernethy's focus was exclusively on his early career in Tennessee. However, in those brief passages in which Turner did discuss Jackson, the frontiersman, he is in Theory of Hegemony example much less disagreement with Abernethy than Davidson and Lytle suggest. Fanny Price Mansfield! Certainly it is religion obvious that Jackson was no frontier hero to fanny price Turner. Rather, he was a product of and gate, spokesman for the extreme individualism that Turner considered one of the most negative products of fanny mansfield park frontier democracy' especially in Kentucky and Tennessee. In A Play! Thus, Davidson's and Lytle's suggestion that Turner and Abernethy "reached diametrically opposed conclusions about price, Andrew Jackson" is, if not simply erroneous' very much an overstatement.49. This essay by Davidson and Lytle, and two or three in Historians and Use of to Reach Specific, the American West , are evidence that Turner's frontier thesis continues to be subjected to misrepresentations and rather unfair, or at least misplaced, criticisms that have been features of responses to it during much of the 90-plus years since Turner first proposed it in Chicago in 1893. As the assessments by neo-Turnerians such as Putnam and fanny price park, most of the what is a chorus in a, authors of essays in Historians and the American West reveal, the mansfield, thesis also continues to Theory of Hegemony example be subjected to more justified criticism because of fanny mansfield its vagueness, imprecision, and failure to mention a number of important features of frontier history and influences on major religion the evolution of American institutions and park, character. However. Religion In India! what is most striking about recent assessments is how much of the fanny price, Turner Thesis is still regarded as ''suggestive and Chaucer's, vital.'' In 1984, for example, Martin Ridge. in his introduction to a republication of Turner's 1893 essay. concluded as follows: He still has ideas worth considering because they offer Americans a usable past and park, a basis from which to look into the future. His essay, still fresh and lively is now a part of the American heritage that it so shrewdly analyzed."50. Back in 1968, in the introduction to privo a collection of essays on Turner of which he was co-editor. Richard Hofstadter observed that ''Today it is easy to believe that historians will still be arguing over and pursuing the implications of his [Turner's] ideas at their hundredth anniversary in 1993."51 Today it is even easier to fanny believe. The Turner Thesis. as Michael Malone reports, most definitely "lives on."<