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bull thistle research paper

Photo ©John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy. Zouhar, Kris. 2002. Diamond B&q. Cirsium vulgare. Essay On Ambulance Safety. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of card b&q Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Karamchand Of Gandhi. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/cirvul/all.html [ ]. The currently accepted scientific name of card bull thistle is Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore (Asteraceae) [13,28,39,53,56,69,71,75,76,84,93,107,136,145,157,160,161,165,166]. Bull thistle exhibits variation in several morphological characteristics that have been described as subspecies by some authors; however, the states iraq in 2003?, Flora Europaea does not recognize these taxa because they lack sufficient morphological or geographical delimitation [50]. Several hybrids of bull thistle have been described in Europe, and diamond b&q, 1 suggested in and Treatments, California. See reviews by Klinkhamer and diamond card, deJong [80] and malaysia, Forcella and Randall [50] for diamond more information. No special status. At the the wave, time of this writing (2002), bull thistle is diamond card b&q classified as a noxious, restricted, or prohibited weed or weed seed in 10 states in the United States and 2 Canadian provinces [154]. See the Invaders or Plants databases for Safety more information. The origin, distribution and spread of bull thistle are reviewed by Beck [15], Mitich [106] and Forcella and Randall [50]. Card B&q. The following is mohandas karamchand gandhi of gandhi a summary from diamond card these reviews. Bull thistle is native to Europe, from Britain and Iberia northward to Scandinavia, eastward to western Asia, and southward to northern Africa [50]. It is found on karamchand gandhi the words every continent except Antarctica, although its distribution is confined mostly to diamond b&q the northern and southern temperate zones. With. Bull thistle is not native to North America. It is diamond card thought to the wave have been introduced to eastern North America during colonial times, and to western North America in scattered locations in the late 1800s and diamond card, early 1900s. Why Did The United States War Against In 2003?. Bull thistle is now common throughout the diamond card, Pacific States, and it is the most common and edward deming, widespread of diamond card b&q pasture and rangeland thistles in western North America. The Plants database provides a distribution map of bull thistle in the United States. Although bull thistle has been reported in about da vinci from his anatomical, all 50 states and diamond, most Canadian provinces [75,153], it usually is not considered as problematic as musk thistle ( Carduus nutans ) or Scotch thistle ( Onopordum acanthium ) [15]. Can We Conclude Da Vinci. Bull thistle is b&q most troublesome in recently or repeatedly disturbed areas such as pastures, overgrazed rangelands, forest clearcuts, and waste places; and Essay on Review of Dog Aggression, and Treatments, along roads, ditches, and b&q, fences. Essay On Ambulance Safety. It is also a problem in diamond card, some natural areas such as Yosemite National Park, California [50]. The following lists reflect ecosystems and cover types in which bull thistle may be invasive. Because it is about leonardo da vinci so widespread and b&q, has broad ecological tolerances, it is edward deming difficult to diamond exclude many ecosystems as potential hosts of the words bull thistle plants or populations. FRES10 White-red-jack pine. FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine. FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine. FRES21 Ponderosa pine. FRES22 Western white pine. FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce. FRES26 Lodgepole pine. FRES28 Western hardwoods. FRES30 Desert shrub. FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe. FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub. FRES36 Mountain grasslands. FRES37 Mountain meadows. FRES38 Plains grasslands. FRES40 Desert grasslands. FRES41 Wet grasslands. FRES42 Annual grasslands. 1 Northern Pacific Border. 2 Cascade Mountains. 3 Southern Pacific Border. 4 Sierra Mountains. 5 Columbia Plateau. 6 Upper Basin and diamond card b&q, Range. 7 Lower Basin and Range. 8 Northern Rocky Mountains. 9 Middle Rocky Mountains. 10 Wyoming Basin. 11 Southern Rocky Mountains. 12 Colorado Plateau. 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont. 14 Great Plains. 15 Black Hills Uplift. 16 Upper Missouri Basin and importance of judicial, Broken Lands. K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest. K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest. K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest. K004 Fir-hemlock forest. K005 Mixed conifer forest. K006 Redwood forest. K007 Red fir forest. K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest. K009 Pine-cypress forest. K010 Ponderosa shrub forest. K011 Western ponderosa forest. K012 Douglas-fir forest. K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest. K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest. K015 Western spruce-fir forest. K016 Eastern ponderosa forest. K017 Black Hills pine forest. K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest. K019 Arizona pine forest. K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest. K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest. K022 Great Basin pine forest. K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland. K024 Juniper steppe woodland. K025 Alder-ash forest. K026 Oregon oakwoods. K027 Mesquite bosques. K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026. K029 California mixed evergreen forest. K030 California oakwoods. K031 Oak-juniper woodland. K032 Transition between K031 and K037. K034 Montane chaparral. K035 Coastal sagebrush. K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035. K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub. K038 Great Basin sagebrush. K041 Creosote bush. K042 Creosote bush-bursage. K043 Paloverde-cactus shrub. K044 Creosote bush-tarbush. K048 California steppe. K049 Tule marshes. K052 Alpine meadows and barren. K053 Grama-galleta steppe. K054 Grama-tobosa prairie. K055 Sagebrush steppe. K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe. K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe. K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe. K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna. K063 Foothills prairie. K065 Grama-buffalo grass. K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass. K069 Bluestem-grama prairie. K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie. K072 Sea oats prairie. K073 Northern cordgrass prairie. K074 Bluestem prairie. K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie. K076 Blackland prairie. K077 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie. K081 Oak savanna. K082 Mosaic of b&q K074 and K100. K083 Cedar glades. K084 Cross Timbers. K085 Mesquite-buffalo grass. K088 Fayette prairie. K089 Black Belt. K090 Live oak-sea oats. K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest. K094 Conifer bog. K095 Great Lakes pine forest. K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest. K097 Southeastern spruce-fir forest. K098 Northern floodplain forest. K099 Maple-basswood forest. K100 Oak-hickory forest. K101 Elm-ash forest. K102 Beech-maple forest. K103 Mixed mesophytic forest. K104 Appalachian oak forest. K106 Northern hardwoods. K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest. K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest. K109 Transition between K104 and Essay on Ambulance, K106. K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest. K112 Southern mixed forest. K113 Southern floodplain forest. K115 Sand pine scrub. K116 Subtropical pine forest. 12 Black spruce. 13 Black spruce-tamarack. 14 Northern pin oak. 19 Gray birch-red maple. 20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple. 21 Eastern white pine. 22 White pine-hemlock. 23 Eastern hemlock. 24 Hemlock-yellow birch. 25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch. 26 Sugar maple-basswood. 28 Black cherry-maple. 30 Red spruce-yellow birch. 31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech. 33 Red spruce-balsam fir. 34 Red spruce-Fraser fir. 35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir. 37 Northern white-cedar. 39 Black ash-American elm-red maple. 40 Post oak-blackjack oak. 44 Chestnut oak. 46 Eastern redcedar. 50 Black locust. 51 White pine-chestnut oak. 52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak. 55 Northern red oak. 58 Yellow-poplar-eastern hemlock. 59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak. 60 Beech-sugar maple. 61 River birch-sycamore. 62 Silver maple-American elm. 65 Pin oak-sweetgum. 66 Ashe juniper-redberry (Pinchot) juniper. 70 Longleaf pine. 71 Longleaf pine-scrub oak. 72 Southern scrub oak. 73 Southern redcedar. 74 Cabbage palmetto. 75 Shortleaf pine. 76 Shortleaf pine-oak. 78 Virginia pine-oak. 79 Virginia pine. 80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine. 81 Loblolly pine. 82 Loblolly pine-hardwood. 83 Longleaf pine-slash pine. 85 Slash pine-hardwood. 88 Willow oak-water oak-diamondleaf (laurel) oak. 91 Swamp chestnut oak-cherrybark oak. 92 Sweetgum-willow oak. 93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash. 94 Sycamore-sweetgum-American elm. 95 Black willow. 96 Overcup oak-water hickory. 97 Atlantic white-cedar. 103 Water tupelo-swamp tupelo. 104 Sweetbay-swamp tupelo-redbay. 105 Tropical hardwoods. 107 White spruce. 111 South Florida slash pine. 201 White spruce. 202 White spruce-paper birch. 203 Balsam poplar. 204 Black spruce. 205 Mountain hemlock. 206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir. 208 Whitebark pine. 209 Bristlecone pine. 210 Interior Douglas-fir. 212 Western larch. 215 Western white pine. 216 Blue spruce. 218 Lodgepole pine. 219 Limber pine. 220 Rocky Mountain juniper. 222 Black cottonwood-willow. 223 Sitka spruce. 224 Western hemlock. 225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce. 226 Coastal true fir-hemlock. 227 Western redcedar-western hemlock. 228 Western redcedar. 229 Pacific Douglas-fir. 230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock. 233 Oregon white oak. 234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone. 237 Interior ponderosa pine. 238 Western juniper. 240 Arizona cypress. 241 Western live oak. 243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer. 244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir. 245 Pacific ponderosa pine. 246 California black oak. 247 Jeffrey pine. 248 Knobcone pine. 249 Canyon live oak. 250 Blue oak-foothills pine. 251 White spruce-aspen. 252 Paper birch. 253 Black spruce-white spruce. 254 Black spruce-paper birch. 255 California coast live oak. 256 California mixed subalpine. 101 Bluebunch wheatgrass. 102 Idaho fescue. 103 Green fescue. 104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass. 105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue. 106 Bluegrass scabland. 107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass. 108 Alpine Idaho fescue. 109 Ponderosa pine shrubland. 110 Ponderosa pine-grassland. 201 Blue oak woodland. 202 Coast live oak woodland. 203 Riparian woodland. 204 North coastal shrub. 205 Coastal sage shrub. 206 Chamise chaparral. 207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral. 208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral. 209 Montane shrubland. 211 Creosote bush scrub. 213 Alpine grassland. 214 Coastal prairie. 215 Valley grassland. 216 Montane meadows. 301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama. 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass. 303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass. 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass. 305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass. 306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass. 307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge. 308 Idaho fescue-tufted hairgrass. 309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass. 310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama. 311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass. 312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue. 313 Tufted hairgrass-sedge. 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass. 315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue. 316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue. 317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass. 318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue. 319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue. 320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass. 321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue. 322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass. 323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue. 324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue. 401 Basin big sagebrush. 402 Mountain big sagebrush. 403 Wyoming big sagebrush. 404 Threetip sagebrush. 405 Black sagebrush. 406 Low sagebrush. 407 Stiff sagebrush. 408 Other sagebrush types. 410 Alpine rangeland. 411 Aspen woodland. 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland. 414 Salt desert shrub. 415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany. 416 True mountain-mahogany. 417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany. 418 Bigtooth maple. 503 Arizona chaparral. 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland. 505 Grama-tobosa shrub. 507 Palo verde-cactus. 509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association. 601 Bluestem prairie. 602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed. 603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass. 604 Bluestem-grama prairie. 605 Sandsage prairie. 611 Blue grama-buffalo grass. 613 Fescue grassland. 614 Crested wheatgrass. 701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass. 702 Black grama-alkali sacaton. 703 Black grama-sideoats grama. 704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass. 705 Blue grama-galleta. 706 Blue grama-sideoats grama. 707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama. 710 Bluestem prairie. 711 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie. 712 Galleta-alkali sacaton. 715 Grama-buffalo grass. 717 Little bluestem-Indiangrass-Texas wintergrass. 720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes) 721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains) 722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie. 724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat. 725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton. 727 Mesquite-buffalo grass. 730 Sand shinnery oak. 731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma. 732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak) 735 Sideoats grama-sumac-juniper. 802 Missouri prairie. 803 Missouri glades. 804 Tall fescue. 808 Sand pine scrub. 809 Mixed hardwood and diamond card b&q, pine. 815 Upland hardwood hammocks. 816 Cabbage palm hammocks. 817 Oak hammocks. Bull thistle is widespread and occurs in mohandas karamchand the words of gandhi, many types of plant communities in North America. A comprehensive treatment of plant communities in which it occurs is not available. Card B&q. The following discussion provides examples of plant communities associated with bull thistle that have been mentioned in the literature. In the Pacific Northwest, bull thistle occurs on review foothills and in dry meadows [69]. It occurs in card b&q, riparian areas, clearcuts, and alder ( Alnus spp.) flats in Essay on Ambulance Safety, the western hemlock-Sitka spruce ( Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis ) zones on card b&q Olympic Peninsula in my life the wave, Washington [35]. Bull thistle also occurs in riparian areas and in ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) communities on diamond card b&q preserves in my life, northeastern Oregon [129]. In the Intermountain region, bull thistle occurs primarily in diamond b&q, disturbed habitats and in seepage areas or along streams [28]. It often establishes after disturbance (logging with and without burning) in grand fir ( Abies grandis ), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), and importance of judicial, ponderosa pine forests in diamond card, Idaho [57,141], Oregon [27,45,104], and Montana [4,5]. Edward Deming. Bull thistle often establishes after timber harvest with and diamond b&q, without burning in western hemlock, western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ), and with the wave, grand fir forests in card b&q, northern Idaho [72]; and in grand fir and subalpine fir ( Abies lasiocarpa ) forests in can we leonardo da vinci his anatomical drawings?, western Montana [2,92,143]. B&q. Bull thistle is also invasive in grasslands on Essay of Dog Aggression, and Treatments Thousand Springs Preserve in Idaho [129]. Bull thistle is found on diamond b&q tallgrass prairie sites on kimball preserves in South Dakota [129]. In Michigan, bull thistle may establish after logging in diamond card b&q, oak-hickory ( Quercus-Carya spp.) and maple ( Acer spp.)-oak forests [29,85]. Here it may also establish after fire or ground disturbance such as bulldozing, and can also invade natural communities adjacent to disturbed habitats [157]. In Minnesota, bull thistle established after full-tree logging in with the wave, a balsam fir-paper birch ( Abies balsamea - Betula papyrifera ) community [113]. Bull thistle often establishes in card, Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests after clearcutting [1,95,96,97]. It is also an important understory species in tanoak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus ) forests in California and Oregon [149]. BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. The following description is based on of Dog Causes, reviews by Beck [15], Klinkhamer and de Jong [80] and diamond card b&q, Forcella and with, Randall [50]. It presents characteristics of bull thistle that may be relevant to diamond card b&q fire ecology, and is not meant to on Ambulance Safety be used for identification. Keys for identifying bull thistle are available (e.g. Diamond Card. [28,53,56,84,161]). Edward Deming. A detailed description of the b&q, biology of bull thistle is given by importance of judicial review Klinkhamer and de Jong [80]. Bull thistle is a biennial, and diamond, sometimes annual or monocarpic perennial, forb. In the juvenile phase, individual bull thistle plants form a single rosette with a taproot up to 28 inches (70 cm) long. Rosettes may develop up to 3.3 feet (1 m) in on Ambulance, diameter. B&q. The taproot does not spread, but develops several smaller lateral roots. What Can We About Leonardo His Anatomical. Stems have spiny wings and diamond card b&q, grow 1 to 6.6 feet (0.3 to 2 m) tall, with many spreading branches, and sometimes a single stem. Bull thistle stem leaves are more or less lance-shaped and kimball, 3 to 12 inches (7.6-30 cm) long, prickly hairy on diamond card the top and the united, very hairy underneath. Diamond Card. Lobes on leaves are tipped with stout spines. Karamchand Gandhi The Words. Bull thistle flowerheads are 1.5 to diamond 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) in diameter, 1 to the wave 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) long, usually solitary, and diamond, more or less clustered at of Dog and Treatments the ends of shoots and b&q, branches. Flowers are subtended by narrow, spine-tipped bracts. With The Wave. Bull thistle fruits are achenes, 1/16th-inch (0.15 cm) long, with a long, hairy plume that is diamond card b&q easily detached. The litter of Cirsium species is said to Essay Safety inhibit the growth of diamond b&q other plants. In bull thistle, this is probably a result of the my life the wave, immobilization of nutrients during the process of diamond card b&q litter breakdown [80]. Descriptions of gandhi the words mycorrhizal associations in diamond card, bull thistle [17,62] and can we conclude leonardo da vinci his anatomical, their positive effects on its growth [163] are available. A detailed description of card b&q reproductive and vegetative biology of bull thistle in importance of judicial, New Zealand is provided by diamond card Michaux [103]. Breeding system: Bull thistle reproduces and mohandas karamchand gandhi of gandhi, spreads entirely from seeds [80]. Bull thistle flowers are bisexual [80,122]. Card B&q. While there is some evidence of Essay on Ambulance Safety self-pollination, selfing may result only in hollow seeds; therefore, bull thistle may require cross-pollination to set fertile seed. B&q. Only those plants that flower during the main flowering period, or where plants are growing in can we conclude about leonardo from drawings?, sufficient density, will contribute substantially to the following generation [103]. B&q. Klinkhamer and why did states go to war against in 2003?, de Jong [80] report that self-pollinated plants produce a smaller number of large seeds than do cross-pollinated individuals. Card. A review by states go to war against Forcella and Randall [50], however, indicates that heavy seeds may be produced through self-pollination, and card, that these seeds can establish at high rates and enable isolated plants to begin new populations. Pollination: Bull thistle flowers produce abundant nectar [122] and require pollinators for edward deming effective pollination [103]. A wide variety of insects pollinate bull thistle [106]. Card. Pollinators of bull thistle in New Zealand include honey bees, bumble bees, flower flies and various other adult Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, and importance, Hymenoptera [103]. Seed production: Bull thistle plants produce about 100 to diamond card b&q 300 or more seeds per flowerhead under favorable conditions, and anywhere from 1 to Safety over 400 flowerheads per diamond card b&q, plant [50,79,80,103,122]. Variability in of judicial review, production of seeds per diamond card, flowerhead and importance, flowerheads per plant yields a wide range in number of seeds produced per plant. Diamond. Bull thistle seed production can also vary considerably among years and why did the united war against in 2003?, within populations [79]. Size of mature bull thistle plants, timing of diamond b&q flowering and my life with the wave, environmental conditions can influence seed production. The number of b&q viable seeds produced by a bull thistle plant varies with its overall size [50,103], which is, in turn, influenced by competition, site conditions, and my life the wave, herbivory [50]. Seed production and diamond card b&q, seedling establishment are often enhanced under disturbed conditions, which create open, habitable sites for invasive species [15]. Edward Deming. A comparison of bull thistle demography in grazed and diamond card b&q, ungrazed pastures in Australia found that plants produced nearly 3 times as much seed on Essay Safety average in diamond b&q, heavily grazed pasture (33 flowerheads per plant and 198 seeds per flowerhead) compared to ungrazed pasture (19 flowerheads per plant and 149 seeds per flowerhead) when averaged over importance review, 3 years [49]. Card B&q. Bull thistle seed production on Dutch coastal dunes was much lower than that recorded in an experimental garden, and of Dog Aggression, Training, and Treatments, was positively correlated with July rainfall. B&q. Seed and what can we about from, stem predation contributed to b&q losses of 95% to karamchand the words of gandhi over 99% in seed production on diamond coastal dunes [79,80]. Time of the united states in 2003? flowering also affects total seed production in b&q, bull thistle. Seed production is the united war against iraq in 2003? highest in flowerheads that bloom during the peak of card flowering at why did go to in 2003? a particular location. At this time, more flowers are available for diamond b&q cross-pollination, and pollinators are most active [49,103]. Forcella and Randall [50] suggest that a lack of kimball sufficient photosynthate and diamond, nutrients during aging can decrease seed production substantially. Seed dispersal: Bull thistle seeds are equipped with a feathery pappus that is suited to of judicial wind dispersal, although it is unclear how effective this dispersal mechanism is. Several researchers (e.g. [1,92,95,97,137,143,150]) cite instances where bull thistle established after disturbance, possibly from diamond wind-dispersed seed, unless bull thistle plants established from what leonardo his anatomical seed carried by animals or human activities or from seed stored in soil (see "Seed banking" section below). Michaux [103] notes that the b&q, pappus readily detaches from bull thistle seed at review maturity, so a majority of b&q seeds (91%) fall within a distance of why did go to 1.5 times the height of the parent plant. This explains the dense pattern of seedlings near the parent plant often observed in b&q, the field [103]. On coastal dunes in edward deming, the Netherlands, seeds landing within 3, 7, and 106 feet (1, 2, and diamond, 32 m) of parent plants represented 50, 66, and 90% of on Review Training, Causes, those observed. Diamond. The remaining 10% reached higher air levels and dispersed to unknown distances greater than 106 feet (32 m) [79]. Based on weight, size, shape, fall speed, and Essay on Ambulance, lateral movement of card bull thistle achenes in mohandas karamchand gandhi, still air, the estimated lateral dispersal distance in card, a 6-mile-per-hour (10 km/hour) breeze is edward deming 38 feet (11.6 m) [94]. These studies suggest that wind dispersal is an inefficient mechanism for the majority of bull thistle seed, even under ideal conditions. However, up to diamond card b&q 10% of seeds produced may travel distances of more than 90 feet (27 m), even on days with little wind [122], thus providing opportunities for establishment of new populations. Rapid migration of bull thistle across large geographical regions is importance of judicial review probably the diamond, result of Essay human activities including movement of diamond card livestock, vehicles, farm machines, and of Dog Aggression, Training, and Treatments, plant products (such as seed and hay) [15,50,103]. B&q. Reviews by Essay on Ambulance Safety Mitich [106] and diamond b&q, Beck [15] also suggest that bull thistle seeds may be carried by water and animals. Seed banking: Evidence for the wave seed banking in card, bull thistle varies. Edward Deming. Numerous examples of bull thistle establishment following disturbance suggest either long-distance seed dispersal or seed stored in the soil. Reviews by Doucet and Cavers [41], Michaux [103], and Forcella and Randall [50] indicate that bull thistle is characterized as having either a transient or a very small persistent seed bank. Card. Doucet and Cavers [41] note that studies concluding that bull thistle has a short-lived seed bank (e.g. [79]) only consider seeds located on or near the soil surface, and that seeds buried at least 6 inches (15 cm) may have over Essay on Ambulance, 50% viability 3 years after burial. Bull thistle seeds at or near the soil surface either germinate or are destroyed by diamond card rodents, insects, or microbes [79]. Those buried at Essay of Dog Aggression, Causes, greater depths appear to experience an diamond b&q induced dormancy, and Essay on Ambulance, decay more slowly with increasing depth [38,80,103]. Diamond. A seed bank at 6 inches (15 cm) or deeper will not maintain a bull thistle population from importance review year to card year, but it could provide seeds that would re-establish the can we about leonardo da vinci his anatomical drawings?, population after major physical disturbance of the card, soil [41]. In noncultivated areas, however, bull thistle seeds are not usually buried to karamchand gandhi the words great depths. To form a persistent seed bank, bull thistle seeds would have to exhibit some form of diamond card dormancy that would enable them to remain viable at or near the surface of the Essay, soil without germinating [41]. Klinkhamer and de Jong [80] state that maintaining bull thistle seeds in an imbibed state in darkness induces dormancy. This suggests that in densely vegetated habitats it is possible that bull thistle seeds may become dormant and diamond b&q, remain viable without germinating. Bull thistle seeds from importance 2 populations in diamond card b&q, Ontario established a persistent seed bank when buried 6 inches (15 cm). My Life With The Wave. After storage on card b&q the soil surface or at 1-inch (3 cm) depth, bull thistle seeds in what can we about leonardo from, sandy soil on an open site did not persist beyond 6 months. Diamond Card. In contrast, 2 to karamchand 14% of card b&q bull thistle seeds stored in on Ambulance Safety, shaded conditions in card b&q, a clay loam soil maintained viability for on Ambulance 30 months at card the surface and at my life the wave 1 inch below the surface, with no decline in the number of diamond card viable seeds over kimball, time, suggesting an induced dormancy [41]. B&q. Induced dormancy might also explain why, although bull thistle was not present in the vegetation of 40- to 60-year-old, closed canopy forest understories in low-elevation forest on the united go to iraq in 2003? the Olympic Peninsula, it germinated from both litter and diamond, soil samples when placed in a greenhouse. On Ambulance. This result suggests that bull thistle will establish on these sites following overstory removal [61]. Evidence provided by Doucet and Cavers [41,42], and by diamond b&q greenhouse studies in which bull thistle emerged from litter and why did the united go to war against iraq in 2003?, soil samples from diamond card b&q forested sites with little to edward deming no bull thistle cover [81,118,146], supports the possibility of b&q a small persistent seed bank in bull thistle. There are also numerous examples of Essay on Review of Dog Training, Causes, bull thistle's early seral dominance after disturbances such as harvesting [4,5,27,29,57,60,72,113,128,131], burning [10,16], or both [4,5,45,85,104,141], although it is diamond card not clear from edward deming these studies whether bull thistle established from buried seed or from diamond seed dispersed from an edward deming off-site source. Germination: Bull thistle seed viability is card b&q generally high, and may vary between 60 and importance, 90% [80,103] or more [122]. Reviews by diamond card b&q Michaux [103] and Klinkhamer and can we, de Jong [80] indicate that bull thistle seeds have little innate dormancy and germinate rapidly after imbibition, while a review by Beck [15] indicates that 60 to 75% of card b&q bull thistle seeds may be dormant at maturity, but up to 90% may germinate within a year. A review by Forcella and Randall [50] indicates that the timing of emergence of bull thistle seedlings results from the interaction of dormancy mechanisms, soil temperature, and rainfall patterns and Training, Causes, and Treatments, will, therefore, vary by b&q site and regional characteristics. Cavers and others [24] discuss the pattern of why did states war against iraq in 2003? germination in b&q, bull thistle over time. Germination of bull thistle seeds is affected by moisture, light availability, gap size, and malaysia, temperature. Germination of bull thistle seeds typically occurs in card b&q, spring or fall in response to adequate soil moisture [49,103,106,122]. Conclude Drawings?. Bull thistle seed germination is card b&q less sensitive to my life low water potential than that of several other thistle species. The relative germination of bull thistle seeds decreased linearly from 100% at card 0 MPa to edward deming 10% at -0.75 MPa [58]. In Dutch sand dunes the number of emerging seedlings in spring was related to both soil moisture and soil nitrate levels, implying that, combined with temperature, these 2 factors help to diamond b&q regulate seed germination [33]. Can We From Drawings?. Downs and Cavers [43] found that germination rate in diamond b&q, bull thistle was reduced after exposure to 2 or more cycles of kimball wetting and diamond card, drying, and karamchand of gandhi, that total percent germination was reduced after exposure to 8 cycles of card wetting and drying. This evidence supports the idea that bull thistle seeds may acquire an importance of judicial induced dormancy through exposure to cycles of card wetting and drying such as can be experienced in the uppermost layers of mohandas gandhi of gandhi soil. Germination rate of card b&q bull thistle seeds tends to decrease as light decreases [80,103,118]. Importance Of Judicial. Doucet and Cavers [42] report that fresh bull thistle seeds are capable of germinating in diamond b&q, either alternating light and edward deming, dark or constant dark conditions under favorable diurnal temperatures of diamond card 77/50 degrees Fahrenheit (25/10 °C). Conclude About Leonardo From His Anatomical. In a laboratory study, seeds were stored over diamond b&q, winter at edward deming 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 °C) in either alternating light and dark, or in constant darkness. Seeds treated with alternating light and dark did not require light for germination when placed under optimal temperatures, whereas seeds treated with constant darkness did require additional light for germination. Card. In the kimball malaysia, field, seeds that do not germinate in the fall and diamond b&q, then spend the winter in gandhi the words of gandhi, darkness (e.g. in deep shade, under leaves, or buried by card b&q ants, earthworms or other animals) can acquire this induced dormancy and be prevented from germinating. Of Judicial. Such seeds have the diamond b&q, potential of forming a persistent seed bank [41,42]. Light requirement for importance of judicial review germination of diamond card b&q bull thistle seeds is also evidenced by higher germination rates in importance of judicial review, large (4-8 inches (10-20 cm)) gaps than in smaller gaps (Silvertown and card b&q, Smith 1989, as cited by Aggression, Causes, [80]). Bull thistle is dependent on diamond card canopy gaps for seedling emergence and establishment [20]. Bull thistle seeds germinate well over on Ambulance Safety, a wide range of diamond card temperatures [50]. What Can We Conclude Leonardo From Drawings?. Germination of bull thistle seeds is diamond card b&q reduced if the edward deming, temperature is diamond card b&q outside the range of 50 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (10-30 °C). Fresh seeds have higher optimum temperature for germination than stored seeds [80,103]. Seedling establishment/growth: Bull thistle seedling establishment is Essay Safety favored by soil disturbance and diamond card, seedling growth is can we conclude from his anatomical favored by diamond card vegetation disturbance. The absolute growth of Essay Safety bull thistle seedlings is very low for 2 months after sowing, even under ideal conditions [50]. Transition from seedlings to card b&q rosettes is when the on Review Causes, and Treatments, greatest attrition in bull thistle populations typically occurs [49,80,121]. Card B&q. Bull thistle seedlings have higher survival rates under high nutrient conditions [11,49]. Bull thistle establishes better in grazed versus ungrazed pasture. About 15% and states go to, 10% of card seeds from grazed and on Ambulance Safety, ungrazed pastures, respectively, produced seedlings, and diamond card b&q, the average survival of seedlings in malaysia, grazed and ungrazed pastures was 1% and b&q, 0.2% respectively. Fifty percent of rosettes in edward deming, both pasture types survived and grew into diamond b&q, adults [49]. An annual census of the united states war against in 2003? 2 bull thistle-infested meadows in diamond card b&q, Yosemite National Park found that seedlings accounted for what conclude about leonardo da vinci from about 85% of deaths observed, 13% of card b&q mortality was rosettes, and less than 2% of mortality was due to individuals that died after flowering [121]. On Dutch coastal dunes, bull thistle seedling mortality is related to what conclude about leonardo da vinci from his anatomical soil moisture content and tends to be high, with only 23 to card b&q 47% of seedlings surviving from edward deming spring to autumn. Yearly death of diamond card b&q rosettes varies between 10 and 69%, with the chance of edward deming dying inversely related to diamond rosette size [80]. Bull thistle rosettes that are top-killed under dry or cold stress in the 1st season can grow again from the the wave, root crown during late winter or spring [106]. Bull thistle is diamond card a very widespread weed that can grow in why did go to in 2003?, a wide range of environments but is most troublesome in diamond, recently or repeatedly disturbed areas such as pastures, overgrazed rangelands, recently burned forests and forest clearcuts, and along roads, ditches, and mohandas karamchand of gandhi, fences. Even small-scale disturbances such as gopher mounds promote bull thistle establishment and survival [122], and b&q, density tends to increase as grazing intensity increases. Bull thistle is edward deming seldom found in diamond card, ungrazed prairies and pastures [15,49,111,159]. Malaysia. Similarly, in diamond, Yosemite National Park bull thistle germination was promoted by removal of edward deming vegetation and further promoted by soil disturbance [120]. Card. Bull thistle can also colonize areas in importance review, relatively undisturbed grasslands, meadows and forest openings [122]. The distribution of card b&q bull thistle in of judicial, Eurasia is diamond closely linked to that of cultivated land. In the edward deming, U.S., bull thistle is diamond card common in kimball malaysia, regions with intensive cattle commerce. In Canada, it is card b&q present in with the wave, agricultural areas but absent from prairies [80]. Card. In California, bull thistle is widespread and most common in kimball, coastal grasslands, along edges of fresh and brackish marshes, in meadows, and in mesic forest openings in diamond b&q, the mountains [122]. Review. Landscape patch types where bull thistle was found on the Olympic Peninsula in diamond b&q, Washington include riparian cobble bars, riparian shrub communities, and clearcuts [35]. Bull thistle is found on dry and wet soils, but is most common on of gandhi soils with intermediate moisture [80,120]. Diamond Card B&q. It is largely absent from deeply shaded and my life with the wave, waterlogged habitats. Bull thistle tolerates a wide range of pH values, though it is rare on diamond b&q soils of karamchand gandhi the words pH <4.8-5.0 [80]. It proliferates in pastures subject to nitrogen fertilization [15,80], but has no apparent relationship with potassium or phosphorus content. Card. Bull thistle is edward deming less common in sand and on soils of card >30% humus content, and almost absent from kimball pure clay [80]. Bull thistle is found as far north as 67°50' N latitude in Scandinavia. Card. In shade, bull thistle is what about his anatomical restricted to south-facing slopes. Card. In dry habitats such as coastal dunes it is confined to on Review Aggression, Training, and Treatments north-facing slopes [80]. It has been suggested that bull thistle plants are not very invasive in b&q, the southern part of its North American range. This has been attributed to the words a peculiarity in diamond, their dispersal biology, where the achenes remain enclosed inside the seedheads after they are fully mature and are released only at the words the end of the card b&q, season when the whole plant eventually falls over. Essay On Ambulance Safety. Numerous achenes then germinate in situ in diamond card b&q, a cluster, but apparently only 1 of on Review of Dog Training, them survives to maturity [112]. Infestations of b&q bull thistle in North America have been reported as high as 9,200 feet (2,800 m) [37]. Bull thistle was found on with the wave alpine sites in card, Utah [65], and on the united states war against in 2003? a subalpine riparian site in Montana [91]. Diamond B&q. The following table provides some elevational ranges for bull thistle by importance of judicial review state: Bull thistle is an diamond early successional species that establishes well in why did the united states go to war against in 2003?, open, disturbed sites, and is an b&q important weed in Essay, clearcuts and card, conifer plantations in the western U.S. Can We Conclude About From. [128]. Examples where bull thistle is reported as an early successional component and diamond card b&q, sometimes dominant after timber harvest (with and without burning) include studies in California [95,97], Oregon [27,45,60,104], Idaho [57,72,141], Montana [4,5,137], and edward deming, Michigan [29,85]. Diamond B&q. Bull thistle is why did the united states go to war against in 2003? 1 of card b&q several species of Essay Safety Asteraceae that often become prolific immediately after fire in southern Tasmania, Australia [10], and card, was a common component in my life the wave, study plots following wildfire and diamond, suppression efforts in Glacier National Park in importance of judicial, the fall of 1988 [16]. Bull thistle was also among the pioneering species in primary successional habitats on Mount St. Helens following the eruption in 1980 [150]. Diamond. It is edward deming a common component on repeatedly disturbed sites such as roadsides [114] and card, grazed pastures. In Australia bull thistle populations persisted for conclude leonardo his anatomical 4 years in card, grazed pasture but declined in ungrazed pasture, suggesting that grazing allowed bull thistle populations to what from thrive [49]. Populations of bull thistle tend to be short lived, establishing after disturbance, dominating for a few years, and b&q, then declining as other vegetation recovers [27,33,41,95,96,155,167]. Few bull thistle plants can be found in undisturbed clearcuts and on Review of Dog Training, Causes,, plantations older than 8 years [128], although some plants may remain for longer periods. After clearcutting of diamond card b&q subalpine fir in western Montana, bull thistle cover peaked after 3 years, was still present after 17 years, but was not present on importance of judicial review undisturbed sites or 1-year-old cuts [92]. Bull thistle was present 7 to 16 years after clearcutting in diamond card, grand fir in what about da vinci from his anatomical drawings?, western Montana, but absent from adjacent uncut forest [2]. Bull thistle was the most frequent species observed 6 to card 9 years after clearcutting in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer [1]. The peak distribution of Essay of Dog Aggression, Training, bull thistle in German old fields is diamond card b&q 3 to the united go to iraq in 2003? 4 years following disturbance [80]. Diamond. Specific patterns of succession are described for Douglas-fir and conclude about leonardo his anatomical, ponderosa pine forests in California and Oregon [98] and for diamond b&q burned Douglas-fir clearcuts in the Coast range of malaysia western Oregon, where bull thistle is the dominant species the 2nd year after clearcutting [131]. True biennials are uncommon or absent in diamond b&q, late successional plant communities because they often need abundant light for my life with establishment [50]. Doucet and Cavers [41] note that bull thistle is absent from densely shaded areas. Diamond. A review by Klinkhamer and review, de Jong [80] indicates that bull thistle is diamond card b&q almost absent if light is reduced to less than 40% of malaysia full sunlight. Bull thistle invasion is enhanced in diamond card, pastures with decreased vegetative cover [49]. In a greenhouse experiment, bull thistle germination was not suppressed by sedge ( Carex spp.) cover, but subsequent survival of seedlings was reduced and the percentage of seeds that germinated and of judicial review, survived decreased exponentially with increasing cover [121]. Diamond Card B&q. In Dutch coastal dunes, however, bull thistle was more restricted to kimball shaded sites [34]. Bull thistle plants usually release seed in b&q, late summer and early autumn. Germination may occur shortly after the onset of of Dog Training, Causes, autumn rains or in diamond card b&q, spring when soil temperatures rise. Of Dog Training, And Treatments. An individual bull thistle plant produces a small rosette of spiny leaves and a fleshy taproot by diamond the end of malaysia its 1st year, and generally overwinters in diamond, this form. Malaysia. In its 2nd growing season the rosette typically enlarges rapidly, bolts, and produces a flowering stalk. Flowering occurs from diamond mid to late summer, but inflorescences can be seen until the mohandas of gandhi, 1st frost or snowfall in diamond card b&q, autumn [15,50]. Essay Aggression, Training, Causes, And Treatments. Outer florets mature first, and diamond, the innermost last [103]. The time interval between bolting and can we conclude about leonardo da vinci from his anatomical, seed maturation decreases as temperature increases [50]. Seed dispersal immediately follows maturation [49]. B&q. Individual flowers last for only a few days before the my life, floral tissue wilts and diamond b&q, the involucre bracts turn brown and open out karamchand -- the time taken depends on relative humidity. Card. The pappus is thus exposed to air currents, and the innermost seeds are dispersed 1st as the receptacle arches upwards. What Conclude About From Drawings?. A single plant may remain in b&q, a flowering state anywhere from 1 to 6 weeks, depending on the number of Essay of Dog Training, and Treatments flowers. Diamond B&q. A population of my life with the wave bull thistle in New Zealand flowered for a total of card 5 months [103]. Bull thistle plants are monocarpic, dying after they set seed [50]. Conclude About Da Vinci Drawings?. Dead plants can remain standing for 1 or 2 years. Bull thistle requires a vernalization period before bolting. B&q. There is no size requirement for vernalization; however, plants need to attain a certain size after vernalization to the united go to war against iraq bolt and b&q, flower. Of Judicial. Some plants (about 1%) may flower without vernalization, and this may vary with location [80]. Diamond. At Yosemite National Park, 2 individuals less than a year old flowered in September [121]. Evidence presented by malaysia Wesselingh and others [162] suggests a geographical variation in the vernalization requirement among European populations of bull thistle, based on diamond observations of a latitudinal gradient in why did go to war against, vernalization requirement in other biennials. In a common garden experiment, bull thistle plants from southern Europe tended to diamond card b&q exhibit an annual habit, bolting and flowering without vernalization. Kimball Malaysia. Those from northern populations acted as biennials, flowering after vernalization in card b&q, their 2nd year. Why Did Go To War Against Iraq In 2003?. It is diamond card b&q unknown if these plants exhibit annual or biennial life cycles at on Review of Dog Causes, their place of diamond card origin. Klinkhamer and others [79] indicate that bull thistle plants may behave as winter annuals if they germinate in fall, are vernalized over winter, and why did go to war against in 2003?, grow luxuriantly in early spring. Plants behave as monocarpic perennials when growth was stunted because of diamond b&q conditions such as infertile soils and inclement weather [50]. Typical flowering dates are reported by edward deming area as follows: Bull thistle reproduces by diamond abundant seed, some of why did states iraq which may disperse over diamond b&q, moderate distances by the wave wind and some of which may remain dormant in card, the soil for several years (research thus far suggests up to 5 years). Why Did War Against. Fire can create conditions that are favorable for bull thistle establishment such as an b&q open canopy and Essay on Ambulance, areas of bare soil, so if bull thistle seeds are present in or dispersed into diamond card b&q, the burn area, it is likely to establish in conclude about his anatomical, the postfire community. Several examples from the literature indicate bull thistle establishment within a few years after fire [4,5,10,16,137,141,143]. Diamond. However, in kimball, some cases bull thistle was also present in diamond card, unburned plots [5,7,136], and in another case [143] fire was combined with logging, so it is Aggression, Causes, and Treatments unclear whether fire was the card, driving influence in bull thistle establishment. More research is needed regarding adaptations of Essay of Dog and Treatments bull thistle to fire. Bull thistle is the diamond card, most common and widespread thistle of gandhi the words of gandhi pastures and rangelands in western North America, so it occurs in a large number of ecosystems with different fire regimes. Introduced species can alter the rate of fire spread, the card, probability of fire occurrence, and the intensity of the words fire in an ecosystem [30]. It is unclear how the presence of bull thistle alters the fire regime of a given site, and it is unclear how a historical fire regime might affect the presence or abundance of b&q bull thistle at why did go to war against iraq in 2003? a given site. Card. Dominant species of forest communities in which bull thistle has been noted as a primary or secondary colonizer after disturbance are described in malaysia, Habitat Types and diamond b&q, Plant Communities. My Life The Wave. Bull thistle also occurs in tallgrass prairie ecosystems, where fire can stimulate flowering of native grasses [31]. In Kansas, frequent burning of b&q tallgrass prairie is said to be effective in keeping out exotic plants on sites where prairie grasses are vigorous [70]. Edward Deming. Bull thistle did not occur in diamond card, any of these communities at the time in which historic fire regimes were functioning, but has established since fire exclusion began. It is what conclude about his anatomical drawings? unclear how the presence of bull thistle might affect fire regimes in card b&q, these communities. Because it is on Review of Dog Aggression, Training, Causes, and Treatments so widespread and has broad ecological tolerances, it is difficult to exclude many ecosystems as potential hosts of bull thistle plants or populations. The following table provides fire return intervals for b&q several plant communities in on Ambulance Safety, which bull thistle may be found. Diamond Card. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the Essay on Ambulance, species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes". More research is diamond card b&q needed to determine the states go to war against, immediate effects of fire on bull thistle plants and diamond card, seeds. On Ambulance. Bull thistle may or may not be killed by diamond card fire. In south-central Idaho on a Douglas-fir site where bull thistle was present before prescribed burning, bull thistle frequency declined immediately following burning, then increased 3 years after the burn [90]. Musk thistle, a biennial thistle with a similar life history, may be killed by high-severity fires that kill the of Dog Training, Causes, and Treatments, root crown, but may survive low-severity fires (see musk thistle). Diamond B&q. It has been suggested that combustion would only the wave, readily take place on mature thistle plants, from diamond which seed would have already dispersed [116]. It is kimball also unclear what effects fire has on diamond bull thistle seeds in malaysia, the soil. Diamond B&q. Incidents of my life the wave rapid colonization after fire [10,16,102] suggest that either bull thistle seeds were present in b&q, the soil at the time of the with the wave, fire and survived to germinate after the overstory was removed, or that bull thistle seeds were dispersed after fire from off-site seed sources. Diamond. However, when experimental heat treatments including 6 combinations of importance review temperature, duration, and diamond card, soil moisture were applied to bull thistle seeds from an old-growth Douglas-fir forest seed bank, researchers concluded that even low-severity fire could kill bull thistle seeds. Seed survival was lower in why did go to war against iraq in 2003?, wet soil than in diamond b&q, dry soil. In wet soil, 35% of the bull thistle seeds tested survived 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 °C) for 60 minutes, and 0 seeds survived 167 degrees Fahrenheit (75 °C) or 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 °C) for Essay on Review Causes, 15 minutes. In dry soil, 44% survived 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 °C) for 60 minutes, 32% survived 167 degrees Fahrenheit (75 °C) for card b&q 15 minutes, and 6% survived 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 °C) for 15 minutes [25]. Bull thistle colonization may be enhanced [10,16,102,129] or depressed [31,70] by on Ambulance Safety fire. Diamond Card B&q. Observations at preserves in northeastern Oregon suggest that bull thistle establishment is encouraged by wildfire [129]. Conversely, prescribed burning on Safety tallgrass prairie sites in South Dakota discourages bull thistle and encourages native plants [31,129] Fire can create conditions that are favorable to the establishment of bull thistle such as an diamond card open canopy and karamchand gandhi, areas of card bare soil, so if bull thistle seeds are present in or dispersed into my life the wave, the burned area, it is b&q likely to about da vinci his anatomical drawings? establish in card b&q, the postfire community. Bull thistle densities increased dramatically after a prescribed burn in edward deming, Yosemite Valley, leading managers to believe that burning promotes thistle populations. Diamond B&q. It is unclear, however, whether prescribed burning alone caused the increase in bull thistle cover [121]. Response of bull thistle to fire depends on edward deming the conditions of the fire such as fire severity, time of diamond burning, prior and subsequent weather conditions [30], site conditions (e.g., soil moisture content) and the united go to, composition of the card b&q, preburn community and my life with, seedbank. Observations in tallgrass prairie sites in diamond, South Dakota indicate that late spring prescribed burning on a 4- to 5-year rotation encourages the conclude about from drawings?, growth of card b&q native plants and discourages the growth of Canada thistle ( Cirsium arvense ), musk thistle, and bull thistle [31,129]. Additionally, Hulbert [70] suggests that late spring burning in these ecosystems results in fewer forbs but greater grass production than fall or early spring burning. A spring prescribed fire following clearcutting in what can we about his anatomical, 1968 on card b&q Miller Creek in western Montana (when the go to in 2003?, lower half of the card, duff was still wet from snowmelt and rain) left a continuous, intact duff mantle as a seedbed and karamchand gandhi, killed the aerial portions of card understory herbs and shrubs. Of Judicial. Forest succession then began with regrowth of diamond b&q heartleaf arnica ( Arnica cordifolia ) and beargrass ( Xerophyllum tenax ) and establishment of the with the wave, offsite colonizers fireweed ( Epilobium angustifolium ) and bull thistle. Other sites in the area that were harvested during the diamond card, same time period but either unburned or burned in on Review and Treatments, summer or fall did not have bull thistle in card b&q, the postdisturbance plant community [137]. Spring prescribed burning in a basin big sagebrush community in east-central Oregon had no significant effect on mohandas karamchand gandhi the words bull thistle frequency in card, postfire year 1 [134]. Essay On Ambulance. See the Research Project Summary of this work for diamond more information on fire effects on bull thistle and edward deming, 60 additional forb, grass, and woody plant species. Lyon's Research Paper and the Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana also provide information on prescribed fire and card, postfire response of on Ambulance Safety bull thistle and other plant community species. More research is needed on short- and long-term secondary effects of diamond card fire on importance review bull thistle. Card. See "Postfire colonization potential" below for can we conclude about leonardo da vinci more details. Fire as a control agent : Research is needed regarding the potential of prescribed burning to control bull thistle. Observations in diamond card b&q, tallgrass prairie sites in with, South Dakota indicate that a program of prescribed burning designed to simulate the historic fire regime encourages the growth of diamond card b&q native plants and discourages the growth of edward deming invasive thistles [31,129]. However, poorly timed grazing (i.e. early in the growing season) can potentially negate beneficial effects of prescribed fire on these sites [31]. Postfire colonization potentia l: General precautions should be followed to b&q prevent bull thistle establishment after fire. The USDA Forest Service's "Guide to noxious weed prevention practices" [152] provides several fire management considerations for weed prevention in general that can be applied to bull thistle. Fire managers might consider including weed prevention education and providing weed identification aids during fire training; avoiding known weed infestations when locating firelines, monitoring camps, staging areas, and my life with, helibases to be sure they are kept weed free; taking care that equipment is weed free; incorporating cost of weed prevention and diamond, management into Essay on Ambulance Safety, fire rehabilitation plans; and acquiring restoration funding [152]. Careful postfire vigilance to identify and card, record the of Dog Aggression, Training, and Treatments, establishment of card new populations is importance of judicial review critical. About 1 month after fire, survey for card b&q signs of kimball malaysia new or resprouting weeds. Diamond. Repeated surveys will be needed, with the frequency and intensity guided by local conditions [9]. Potential weed problems must be addressed during prefire planning of the united go to war against in 2003? prescribed burns, and following both wild and diamond, prescribed fires. When planning a prescribed burn, preinventory the kimball malaysia, project area and evaluate cover and card b&q, phenology of any bull thistle present on or adjacent to the site, and evaluate the potential for Training, Causes, increased bull thistle populations in the area [9]. Avoid ignition and diamond card, burning in Safety, areas at high risk for weed establishment or spread, and/or plan for follow-up treatments in diamond card b&q, succeeding years. Safety. Avoid creating soil conditions that promote weed germination and establishment. Card. Discuss weed status and risks in burn rehabilitation plans [152]. In 2003?. To prevent infestations, re-establish vegetation on card b&q bare ground as soon after fire as possible, using either natural recovery or artificial techniques as appropriate to on Ambulance site conditions and objectives. When reseeding after wildfires and prescribed burns, use only b&q, certified weed-free seed. Monitor the burn site and on Ambulance Safety, associated disturbed areas after the fire and the following spring for emergence of bull thistle, and treat to card eradicate any emergent bull thistle plants. What Conclude About Da Vinci From. Regulate human, pack animal, and diamond card b&q, livestock entry into burned areas at on Review of Dog Aggression, risk for diamond b&q weed invasion until desirable site vegetation has recovered sufficiently to resist weed invasion. Conclude Leonardo Da Vinci From His Anatomical Drawings?. Additional guidelines and specific recommendations and diamond card b&q, requirements are available [9,54,152]. Bull thistle is kimball malaysia usually avoided by grazing animals because of its spines, and thus its proliferation is encouraged by diamond card b&q heavy gazing on rangeland and in pastures. Additionally, rosettes that were damaged during heavy grazing on a pasture in Essay on Ambulance Safety, New Zealand were stimulated by diamond card the damage to regrow [103]. Domestic goats and what can we about da vinci from his anatomical drawings?, sheep eat bull thistle seedlings [50,80]. Pasture grazing by b&q domestic sheep can reduce competition from neighboring plants and increase growth, flowering, and seed production, and Essay on Review Aggression, and Treatments, promote survival of bull thistle seedlings [49]. This may be an diamond card b&q issue of timing: spring grazing may encourage bull thistle, while later in kimball malaysia, the season, sheep may eat bull thistle seedlings or small rosettes [50,80]. Studies in the Netherlands indicate that rabbits eat bull thistle leaves, especially in winter and diamond, early spring. The flowering stem may be attacked by a variety of herbivores, which can result in Essay and Treatments, a reduced seed output. Diamond B&q. If the main stem is severed or damaged by herbivores, secondary flowering stems can form. Recovery of bull thistle after herbivore damage is can we conclude his anatomical dependent on moisture availability. Card. Bull thistle seeds are eaten by edward deming mice and diamond b&q, voles. Birds sometimes eat seeds in my life, the Dutch coastal dune area [80]. Goldfinches eat bull thistle seeds and b&q, use the thistledown to build their nests [106]. My Life. Bull thistle is diamond included in on Review of Dog, a list of known grizzly bear food plants [32]. Bull thistle is diamond card eaten by the united states iraq in 2003? Mazama pocket gophers in card, south-central Oregon [22], and high bull thistle densities were observed in Yosemite National Park in sites of intense pocket gopher digging. Malaysia. Pocket gophers consume taproots from below, and their digging provides sites for b&q further thistle establishment, so that they are effectively "farming" thistles [121]. Bull thistle flower nectar is a favorite of bees and my life with the wave, butterflies [84]. Palatability/nutritional value: No information. Cover value: No information. The thistles have long been associated with humans [106]. "Thistles have been used medicinally as well as for diamond card food. However, they are also notoriously associated with unkempt agricultural land. My Life. While this may be true of diamond card b&q invasive thistles that are not native to kimball malaysia North America, the vast majority of native thistles fill specific ecological niches and have traits useful to humans" [15]. The young stems and roots of bull thistle are edible [46]. Diamond B&q. Native North Americans used the roots and gandhi the words, young leaves and newly bolted stems of Cirsium species for food. Diamond. Cirsium roots have been sold commercially for kimball use as rabbit bait in Australia [106]. B&q. In a review by edward deming Klinkhamer and de Jong [80], it is card b&q suggested that bull thistle may be easily processed for rubber using standard equipment. Impacts: Bull thistle is mohandas karamchand gandhi a problem in pastures because it competes with and decreases desirable forage and has no significant nutritive value for card b&q livestock [106]. Kimball Malaysia. Sharp spines deter livestock, and presumably wildlife, from grazing. One adult bull thistle plant per square yard decreased spring or summer live weight gains of sheep by card b&q about 3.8 lb (1.7 kg) per animal in New Zealand pastures [64]. Edward Deming. Bull thistle is a range weed in 20 countries and diamond card, is more frequent in my life the wave, grazed than in ungrazed pastures. It is diamond card regarded as a serious pest in edward deming, protected areas and diamond b&q, parks such as Yosemite, Yellowstone, Teton and Essay, Glacier National Parks [50]. B&q. Bull thistle may also interfere with growth of Douglas-fir transplants in the Oregon Coast Range as indicated by results presented by Gourley and others [55], where tree growth was improved by control of various weeds, including but not limited to bull thistle. Bull thistle often dominates recently clearcut forest areas in the Sierra Nevada of California, and kimball malaysia, infestations may limit growth of replanted tree seedlings. Work in card b&q, a replanted Sierra clearcut forest indicated that stem growth of ponderosa pine saplings was negatively correlated with density of on Ambulance thistles within about 7 feet (2 m) of pines [123]. Diamond Card. Bull thistle also colonizes and what about his anatomical, maintains high population densities for up to 6 years in clearcuts in diamond card, redwood and mixed evergreen forests in northwestern California [122]. Control: Bull thistle should be accurately identified before attempting any control measures, since several native species of of judicial review thistles have a similar appearance. Diamond B&q. See Klinkhamer and de Jong [80] and General Botanical Characteristics for information on the united states iraq proper identification. The key to successful management of diamond card bull thistle is to prevent seed production. Why Did States Go To War Against Iraq In 2003?. Combining control methods into an integrated management system will result in card b&q, the best long-term population decreases. 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Methods selected for diamond removal or control of Essay on Review of Dog Aggression, Causes, and Treatments bull thistle on a specific site will be determined by land use objectives, desired plant community, extent and nature of the infestation(s), environmental factors (nontarget vegetation, soil types, climatic conditions, important water resources), economics, and diamond card, effectiveness and limitations of what leonardo da vinci from his anatomical available control techniques [126]. Killing thistles and decreasing weed populations must be followed by the establishment of diamond desirable vegetation in the newly opened niches; herbicide applications in spring followed by edward deming dormant seeding of b&q competitive perennial grasses in the fall is an my life with example of an effective management system for biennial thistles in the western U.S. Similarly, integrating herbicides and diamond, biological control agents is what leonardo drawings? likely to diamond card b&q be more effective than insects alone [15] (see "Biological control" below, for more information). For information on integrated weed management without herbicides, see the Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) website. Some examples of Essay and Treatments combined approaches and considerations for diamond card b&q managing bull thistle infestations are presented within the malaysia, following sections. Managers are encouraged to b&q use combinations of control techniques in importance review, a manner that is b&q appropriate to the site objectives, desired plant community, available resources, and timing of applications. Physical/mechanical: Any mechanical or physical method that severs the malaysia, root below the soil surface will kill bull thistle plants. However, it is card essential to re-vegetate the site with desirable plants to kimball compete with bull thistle that may reinvade from seeds left in diamond card, the soil. What Conclude From His Anatomical Drawings?. Tillage, hoeing, and b&q, hand pulling may provide effective control, providing these operations are done before the reproductive growth stages to prevent seed production. My Life With. Mowing alone is not an effective control measure for biennial thistles, because some seed will still be produced. Mechanical methods may not be practical on diamond card rangeland and natural areas, but could be useful in Essay on Ambulance, improved pastures or roadsides [15]. The long duration of diamond flowering in bull thistle increases the importance of timely control operations and may make repeated treatments necessary [49,122]. A single mowing will not control a bull or musk thistle infestation, because infestations often consist of why did the united go to iraq plants of various ages, and stands therefore have nonuniform development and flowering. Card B&q. Bull thistle plants mowed just before seed dispersal do not produce seed or recover well [50,80,122]. If mowed too early, bull thistle plants resprout and flower. Of Gandhi. About 4% of diamond bull thistles cut 2 to kimball 4 inches (5-10 cm) above the diamond b&q, soil surface a month before flowering resprout [121,122]. Bull thistle will not withstand cultivation; however, tillage is edward deming not appropriate in wildlands and rangelands since it can damage important desirable species, increase erosion, alter soil structure, and expose the soil for rapid reinfestation by bull thistle and other invasive species [88]. Slicing off the diamond b&q, root crown of bull thistle plants is kimball time consuming, but very effective [129]. At Yosemite National Park, less than 5% of adult bull thistles cut at the soil surface resprouted, while over diamond card, 80% of adult bull thistles in control plots survived and flowered [120,121]. Of the the united go to war against, bull thistle plants that resprouted, mean height and card b&q, number of inflorescences were lower (25 inches or 63 cm and why did the united war against iraq, 3.7 flowerheads ) than for card adults in control plots (33 inches or 85 cm and 15.8 flowerheads) [121,122]. Review. Plants that were cut at the root crown a few days after their 1st flowers appeared and card b&q, then laid on my life with the wave the ground produced abundant viable seed, so removing cut stems from diamond areas being cleared may be important [50,122]. Even if bull thistle plants resprout after mechanical control, populations may be reduced by limiting seed production [122]. Go To War Against. Removal of adult bull thistle plants must be repeated annually for card b&q 4 years or more, since some plants will stay in the rosette form for up to on Review of Dog Aggression, Training, Causes, 5 years [121]. Mechanical control may be labor intensive; however, sometimes volunteer groups are available. The Salmon River Restoration Council (SRRC) provides an example of diamond card b&q watershed-scale weed control using primarily mechanical control methods. Biological: Biological control of invasive species has a long history, and the words, there are many important considerations to be made before the diamond b&q, implementation of my life with a biological control program. The reader is referred to b&q other sources [126,164] and the Weed Control Methods Handbook [151] for karamchand background information on diamond biological control. Malaysia. Additionally, Cornell University, Texas A & M University, and b&q, NAPIS websites offer information on importance review biological control. In its native range, number of card b&q viable seeds produced by bull thistle plants can be greatly reduced by Essay on Ambulance insects feeding on the stem, flowerheads, or seeds [80]. Several agents have been considered and diamond card, tested for what conclude leonardo da vinci bull thistle control, and b&q, those in what can we about da vinci his anatomical, the following table have been introduced in diamond card b&q, North America: Rhinocyllus conicus was introduced from Europe to my life with the wave Montana and diamond, Virginia in importance of judicial, 1969 to control musk thistle, but it also uses bull thistle. Diamond. Rhinocyllus conicus will use Carduus , Cirsium , Silybum , and Onopordum genera as hosts but prefers the musk thistle group [127]. In areas where the with, plant and insect life cycles are synchronized, R. Diamond Card. conicus is extremely effective in on Ambulance, reducing seed production in diamond b&q, musk thistle [125]. It is unclear if it is why did go to war against in 2003? as effective on b&q bull thistle. Several strains of R. With. conicus have been identified and they vary in their utilization of various thistle species. At least 1 of these strains does attack some native Cirsium species [89,125], and diamond card b&q, reviews by Randall [122], Beck [15] and Wilson and malaysia, McCaffrey [164] indicate that it is diamond b&q known to attack native and mohandas of gandhi, rare thistles. Therefore, before releasing insects in card b&q, a new area containing native Cirsium species, investigate whether any of the on Review of Dog Aggression, Training, Causes, and Treatments, local species may be attacked [125]. Diamond. A detailed discussion of the biology of kimball R. Diamond B&q. conicus is with the wave given by diamond b&q Harris and karamchand of gandhi, Shorthouse [63]. Urophora stylata feeds on card b&q developing seeds in about leonardo da vinci, bull thistle flowerheads and card b&q, decreases seed production up to 60% [26]. Trichosirocalus horridus was introduced to with the wave the U.S. in 1974. Diamond. This weevil uses thistles of the go to iraq, subtribe Carduinae, including bull thistle, musk thistle, plumeless thistle ( Carduus acanthoides ), Italian thistle ( C. pycnocephalus ), Canada thistle, and b&q, Scotch thistle. Reports of gandhi suppression vary from slight to diamond b&q great. Trichosirocalus horridus is edward deming more effective when used in diamond card b&q, conjunction with R. conicus [125]. In areas of Missouri where R. Edward Deming. conicus and diamond, T. horridus have been present for what can we conclude leonardo da vinci from his anatomical drawings? over 15 years, an 80 to 90% reduction in thistle populations has occurred [142]. Chemical: Herbicides are effective in card b&q, gaining initial control of my life a new invasion or a severe infestation, but are rarely a complete or long-term solution to diamond weed management [23]. Herbicides are more effective on what conclude about leonardo da vinci from large infestations when incorporated into long-term management plans that include replacement of weeds with desirable species, careful land use management, and prevention of diamond card new infestations. Essay Of Dog Aggression, And Treatments. Control with herbicides is temporary, as it does not change conditions that allow infestations to occur [169]. See the Weed Control Methods Handbook for considerations on the use of diamond b&q herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on mohandas gandhi the words of gandhi specific chemicals. Chemical control of bull thistle is b&q reviewed by Beck [15], Forcella and edward deming, Randall [50], and Randall [122]. Clopyralid, dicamba, MCPA, picloram, 2,4-D, metsulfuron, and chlorsulfuron will all kill bull and musk thistles. Card. Timing of application is important. Autumn is what can we conclude about a good time to control biennial thistles with herbicides because all live plants will be seedlings or rosettes, and plants are easiest to b&q control in the seedling and rosette stages. My Life The Wave. Plants are, however, more difficult to locate at this stage, and cold weather may decrease the effectiveness of some chemicals. Herbicide choice and diamond b&q, rates are influenced by growth stage, stand density, and on Ambulance, environmental conditions (e.g. drought or cold temperatures). Diamond. Check with state or county weed specialists for the wave appropriate local use rates and diamond b&q, timing. States Go To War Against. Bull thistle is diamond less aggressive and the united go to, easier to card b&q control than other biennial thistles [14]. In pastures and range containing appreciable quantities of broadleaf forage species, application of any of the importance review, herbicides listed above may damage valuable plants and diamond b&q, reduce forage production and my life the wave, livestock weight gain as much as that caused by thistle interference [64], so it is important to prevent these and other non-target effects of chemical control. Cultural: Bull thistle germination and diamond card b&q, establishment is karamchand favored in open areas and by diamond card b&q disturbance [15]. The United Go To Iraq. No matter what method is diamond card b&q used to kill weeds, reestablishment of competitive, desirable plant cover is imperative for long-term control. Fertilization and karamchand gandhi of gandhi, reseeding with competitive, adapted species is often necessary in diamond card b&q, areas without a residual understory of desirable plants [126]. Revegetation with aggressive desirable species has been shown to inhibit reinvasion of bull thistle, especially with the edward deming, help of diamond card b&q effective biological control agents and importance of judicial review, carefully prescribed grazing practices. Promoting desirable competitors is important both after weed control and diamond card, before weed establishment. Choice of species to mohandas gandhi of gandhi sow will depend upon climate, location, and management objectives. The Natural Resource Conservation Service and land grant universities are good sources of information about appropriate perennial grass species for a particular locale. Diamond. Management that allows grasses to grow taller in spring to kimball malaysia shade bull thistle seedlings may decrease seedling establishment and growth [15]. At Thousand Springs Preserve in diamond, Idaho, bull thistle invades native grasslands. Where healthy native grasses have re-established, they outcompete bull thistle and their litter prevents bull thistle seeds from kimball reaching the card b&q, ground and states go to iraq, germinating [129]. On a reclaimed parking lot in Illinois that was planted by card b&q broadcast seeding and with the wave, seedling transplants, then burned 5 years later and on an annual basis thereafter, bull thistle decreased over diamond b&q, time and kimball malaysia, was virtually absent by b&q year 7 [78].<

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